Sunday, October 9, 2016

The Evolution Of The Human Brain At An Eyes Scope!!!



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.
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Bridle the bit piece at a grasp of literary treat of acronym on the above date and the ticker tape represents on easily understood to the Newspaper and the quick-set to derivative of mathematics and divisions of librarian at costs of such deals on the human being's mind and everyday literal comprehension of the most easily said pen.

For magnet of example at the compass of reality to thread the needle of this dinner on the rye, https://www.google.com/search?q=old+index+cards+in+the+library+of+congress&newwindow=1&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjaxJq42c3PAhXD2yYKHSm9Dq4Q_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=638#imgrc=kSXeWjBrHBJiBM%3A.


How the Humble Index Card Foresaw the Internet

A 3 x 5 history of the cards that helped catalog all of human knowledge in a way anybody could use.

Index cards are mostly obsolete nowadays. We use them to create flash cards, write recipes, and occasionally fold them up into cool paper airplanes. But their original purpose was nothing less than organizing and classifying every known animal, plant, and mineral in the world. Later, they formed the backbone of the library system, allowing us to index vast sums of information and inadvertently creating many of the underlying ideas that allowed the Internet to flourish.

THE INVENTION

Organizing more than 12,000 animals, plants, and minerals is painstaking work. Imagine having to do it by hand, let alone typing it all into Microsoft Excel. 



Index card

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An index card in a library card catalog. Type of cataloging has mostly been supplanted by computerization.

A hand-written American index card.

A ruled index card
An index card (or system card in Australian English) consists of card stock (heavy paper) cut to a standard size, used for recording and storing small amounts of discrete data. It was invented by Carl Linnaeus,[1] around 1760.[2]
The most common size for index cards in North America and UK is 3 by 5 inches (76.2 by 127.0 mm), hence the common name 3-by-5 card. Other sizes widely available include 4 by 6 inches (101.6 by 152.4 mm), 5 by 8 inches (127.0 by 203.2 mm) and ISO-size A7 (74 by 105 mm or 2.9 by 4.1 in). Cards are available in blank, ruled and grid styles in a variety of colors. Special divider cards with protruding tabs and a variety of cases and trays to hold the cards are also sold by stationers and office product companies. They are part of standard stationery and office supplies all around the globe.
Index cards are used for a wide range of applications and environments: in the home to record and store recipes, shopping lists, contact information and other organizational data; in business to record presentation notes, project research and notes, and contact information; in schools as flash cards or other visual aids; and in academic research to hold data such as bibliographical citations or notes. An often suggested organization method is to use the smaller 3-inch-by-5-inch cards to record the title and citation information of works cited, while using larger cards for recording quotes or other data. Index cards are used for many events and are helpful for planning.
Until the digitization of library catalogs, which began in the 1980s, the primary tool used to locate books was the card catalog, in which every book was described on three cards, filed alphabetically under its title, author, and subject (if non-fiction). Similar catalogs were used by law firms and other entities to organize large quantities of stored documents. However, the adoption of standard cataloging protocols throughout nations with international agreements, along with the rise of the Internet and the conversion of cataloging systems to digital storage and retrieval, has made obsolescent the widespread use of index cards for cataloging.

History[edit]

Using cards to create an index was the brainchild of 18th-century naturalist Carl Linnaeus, who is known as "the father of modern taxonomy" for his work on categorizing species. He needed a system for organizing data that was expandable and able to be rearranged easily, so he kept each datum on individual sheets and could add new sheets and reorganize simply.
Card catalogs as currently known arose in the 19th century, and Melvil Dewey standardized the index cards used in library card catalogs in the 1870s.
In the late 1890s, edge-notched cards were invented, which allowed for easy sorting of data by means of a needle-like tool. These edge-notched cards were phased out in the 1980s in favor of computer databases, and they are no longer sold.

Kardex index card filing system
James Rand, Sr.'s Rand Ledger Company (founded 1898) with its Visible Ledger system, and his son James Rand, Jr.'s American Kardexdominated sales of index card filing systems worldwide through much of the 20th century. "Kardex" became a common noun, especially in the medical records field where "filing a kardex" came to mean filling out a patient record on an index card.[3]
Vladimir Nabokov wrote his works on index cards, a practice mentioned in his work Pale Fire.[4]


 



The time is understood to be of standing keen, at that the personal is broadwaved to a theme.  Today the part of what is personal to personal for song, I put to the plates that time is of a long.  The word to express the voice of comfort after three years in the ground is more that the tears I sled to speak the value loud.  In the traveling of any foot worn sole is the fact of that journey at a beauty going on.

The dust perhaps is streaming lens should Viking boat be arrow host.  The tide on chart to ocean spar that bottom of the sea with wait so heavily I think.  From shores of sand to watching land a purr for waving seas, these are the hours of minuets that terrific life in flowers.

I breathe to know that minds work row and that is just a peace, the riddles are some poets tree that branched just love to hug me.  In that is dime to 'The Continue' not the religions dogma on a tail, there is no split from lief to death should the face be of the rice.  To have steeped a worlds denial, drank that drank that somehow somewhere there is a sky that does not match our personal climb is but a throw of bones to drifts with a bit of added dosed on demons from satins list :  Oh there is much on religious skits.  That is the bounty of the scale of the pew and nail, tribe that Nile river bends and dunk the skulls to snapping ribbed.  Roast the strain to Hell in vein and don't forget the change : a drop let to the coin in buckets to square that alter for its carriage and show up next week for sarige.

The widgets price at cost fern chore is not the apple or a garden snake to histories pick a stick.  No, the truth is worse for religions rat invited horror to scrabble core`d and served the apple sliced.  Pi with maze a mow choppers bough the arbor of a tree rung, the religions provided gates to torn and people grape the vine of strung.  Now at stern the ass of crowd did bend on to furst gone rug with tincture of the squinting.  The eyes did cheekie tears forget, the boots ran born to dig the spet while bolts put thunders lords to bed, a real sky hi authority to R.I.P. stones to the ever torture while language bunked the bankings lane, oh for the pow of PIP. 
Posted  by 
http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/2015/08/awe-ba-list.html




 



I plum a particle of sync to thought of the word latitude in a north by south entry to the introduction of state of mind upon the expression of a log.  The cogs on horseshoes are in the fashion bore buy the purchase of the hand drawn forget to a suddenly score in and as the investment for the come on footing.  At the event or sloppy sides of mouth brisk to language a lather on the necks of shudder, it is or seems to now be the powder keg of lathe, the course, a skull, to brain, to lens, to talk.  Question, is it a speech?

The willingly force of the shred that persons of distinct character drive, scenes the ravaging of a corridor that main on Doyle Drive.  Per lane of sidewalk or pressure from the war on threads walks such formidable language to an ear that the ready your game for trouble by name is now as simple as stating noun.

For wheel drive on foot skaters to rise not above but quite possibly the opposite direction at the speed of only iced, I coarse this pigeon on the shade of knowing the fish living in trees.  Not such a grade performance of reality in the passing of pages to touch classic say, however the sees of todays ravage on the rapids of living safely put to my deed a smile to mile the inch of a starch.  Drip lines to factories placed to terminal lashes of round the fight to survive by reaming the counter of the very next cry must in terrible the chore of an everyday activity to the halting of sleeve.  So on the wash of this flooding Humanity to text the boundaries with avid bytes to shark your mid belly ride, I plight the bottle nose dolphin as a fair dee weather friend in and for the full.

Bring a base structure to a sign that is both comfortable and natural to understand as the streaming of a creek represents the posting thought running through the shape of a synapse polt.  As the sticker price for the cost at the at verb is tracing the tool of choice being the torque of communication consider the stick.  A floating lodge to keen courts held in the vista of only singular independence designing a flow of regard not the destructive storm of chaos at hip relief.

Cruise the Nature of hard tack to that rent on a chapter for the magnitude of a multiplied style on the theater.  The chorus line of ballet dancers casted the Swing to lull the by the way this is a game of reason to wisdom the timing of the know.  A stage that is dividing the parts to neither the cast of position nor the disruption of lives living tangles has simply put to the forward license a plate of docks to pier a ship that has been out to the Harbor of morning glories and has in addition faded the dump of dinner on pied.  Yet, and, the lazor of light speed to prints of tickets have mirror to tangible from the tunnel view of Billboards that shack the freeway of and on the Hi ways of life.  To have not place marked picture to cream is to have said the entire procession of shores in a carton happened with out milking a cow or being a pigs dream.

With patience as a loving the purchase of life as no the chase rather the ride, I have furthered the enjoyment of The Horse as a formation to mucking stalls regularly and not just on Sundays of the perch on the pew.
Posted  by 


http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/2015/08/acronym-vs-abbreviation.html

published on October 9th,  2016 at 5:45 AM and I am adding this note to supply the above write with the supportive evident on the Internet just with the avenue of one Nationally comprehended word at the general gap of the contested word on today's News saying "everybody knows that 'c' stands for confidential" as I will bravo: Ike.

Date: 10/09/2016
Time Stamped: 7:12 AM
KAP



Internet Key Exchange

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In computing, Internet Key Exchange (IKE, sometimes IKEv1 or IKEv2, depending on version) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE builds upon the Oakley protocol and ISAKMP.[1] IKE uses X.509 certificates for authentication - either pre-shared or distributed using DNS (preferably with DNSSEC) and a Diffie–Hellman key exchange - to set up a shared session secret from which cryptographic keys are derived.[2][3] In addition, a security policy for every peer which will connect must be manually maintained.[2]

History[edit]

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) originally defined IKE in November 1998 in a series of publications (Request for Comments) known as RFC 2407, RFC 2408 andRFC 2409:
  • RFC 2407 defined The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP.[4]
  • RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) [5]
  • RFC 2409 defined The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) [6]
IKE was updated to version two (IKEv2) in December 2005 by RFC 4306.[7] Some open details were clarified in October 2006 by RFC 4718.[8] These two documents plus additional clarifications were combined into the updated IKEv2 RFC 5996[9] which was published in September 2010. A later update upgraded the document from Proposed Standard to Internet Standard, and was published as RFC 7296 in October 2014.
The parent organization of the IETF, The Internet Society (ISOC), has maintained the copyrights of these standards as freely available to the Internet community.

Architecture[edit]

Most IPsec implementations consist of an IKE daemon that runs in user space and an IPsec stack in the kernel that processes the actual IP packets.
User-space daemons have easy access to mass storage containing configuration information, such as the IPsec endpoint addresses, keys and certificates, as required. Kernel modules, on the other hand, can process packets efficiently and with minimum overhead—which is important for performance reasons.
The IKE protocol uses UDP packets, usually on port 500, and generally requires 4–6 packets with 2–3 turn-around times to create an SA on both sides. The negotiated key material is then given to the IPsec stack. For instance, this could be an AES key, information identifying the IP endpoints and ports that are to be protected, as well as what type of IPsec tunnel has been created. The IPsec stack, in turn, intercepts the relevant IP packets if and where appropriate and performs encryption/decryption as required. Implementations vary on how the interception of the packets is done—for example, some use virtual devices, others take a slice out of the firewall, etc.
IKEv1 consists of two phases: phase 1 and phase 2.[10]

IKEv1 phases[edit]

IKE phase one's purpose is to establish a secure authenticated communication channel by using the Diffie–Hellman key exchange algorithm to generate a shared secret key to encrypt further IKE communications. This negotiation results in one single bi-directional ISAKMP Security Association (SA).[11] The authentication can be performed using eitherpre-shared key (shared secret), signatures, or public key encryption.[12] Phase 1 operates in either Main Mode or Aggressive Mode. Main Mode protects the identity of the peers; Aggressive Mode does not.[10]
During IKE phase two, the IKE peers use the secure channel established in Phase 1 to negotiate Security Associations on behalf of other services like IPsec. The negotiation results in a minimum of two unidirectional security associations (one inbound and one outbound).[13] Phase 2 operates only in Quick Mode.[10]

Problems with IKE[edit]

Originally, IKE had numerous configuration options but lacked a general facility for automatic negotiation of a well-known default case that is universally implemented. Consequently, both sides of an IKE had to exactly agree on the type of security association they wanted to create – option by option – or a connection could not be established. Further complications arose from the fact that in many implementations the debug output was difficult to interpret, if there was any facility to produce diagnostic output at all.
The IKE specifications were open to a significant degree of interpretation, bordering on design faults (Dead-Peer-Detection being a case in point[citation needed]), giving rise to different IKE implementations not being able to create an agreed-upon security association at all for many combinations of options, however correctly configured they might appear at either end.

Improvements with IKEv2[edit]

The need and intent of an overhaul of the IKE protocol was described in Appendix A of RFC 4306. The following issues were addressed:
  • Fewer RFCs: The specifications for IKE were covered in at least three RFCs, more if one takes into account NAT traversal and other extensions that are in common use. IKEv2 combines these in one RFC as well as making improvements to support for NAT traversal and firewall traversal in general.
  • Standard Mobility support: There is a standard extension for IKEv2 (named MOBIKE) used to support mobility and multihoming for it and ESP. By use of this extension IKEv2 and IPsec can be used by mobile and multihomed users.
  • NAT traversal: The encapsulation of IKE and ESP in UDP port 4500 enables these protocols to pass through a device or firewall performing NAT.[14]
  • SCTP support: IKEv2 allows for the SCTP protocol as used in Internet Telephony VoIP.
  • Simple message exchange: IKEv2 has one four-message initial exchange mechanism where IKE provided eight distinctly different initial exchange mechanisms, each one of which had slight advantages and disadvantages.
  • Fewer cryptographic mechanisms: IKEv2 uses cryptographic mechanisms to protect its packets that are very similar to what IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) uses to protect the IPsec packets. This led to simpler implementations and certifications for Common Criteria and FIPS 140-2, which require each cryptographic implementation to be separately validated.
  • Reliability and State management: IKEv2 uses sequence numbers and acknowledgments to provide reliability and mandates some error processing logistics and shared state management. IKE could end up in a dead state due to the lack of such reliability measures, where both parties were expecting the other to initiate an action - which never eventuated. Work arounds (such as Dead-Peer-Detection) were developed but not standardized. This meant that different implementations of work-arounds were not always compatible.
  • Denial of Service (DoS) attack resilience: IKEv2 does not perform much processing until it determines if the requester actually exists. This addressed some of the DoS problems suffered by IKE which would perform a lot of expensive cryptographic processing from spoofed locations.
This can be explained like this:
Suppose HostA has a Security Parameter Index (SPI) A and HostB has an SPI B.
The scenario is like this:
      HostA---------------HostB
If HostB is experiencing large amount of half-open IKE init connection, the responder will send an unencrypted reply message of the ike_sa_init with a notify message of type cookie and the responder will expect an ike_sa_init request with that cookie value in a notify payload. This is to ensure that the initiator is really capable of handling a response from the responder.
     HostA-------------------------------------------------HostB
     HDR(A,0),sai1,kei,Ni----------------------------->
                  <----------------------------HDR(A,0),N(cookie)
     HDR(A,0),N(cookie),sai1,kei,Ni------------------->
                  <--------------------------HDR(A,B),SAr1,ker,Nr

Protocol extensions[edit]

The IETF ipsecme working group has standardized a number of extensions, with the goal of modernizing the IKEv2 protocol and adapting it better to high volume, production environments. These extensions include:
  • IKE session resumption: the ability to resume a failed IKE/IPsec "session" after a failure, without the need to go through the entire IKE setup process (RFC 5723).
  • IKE redirect: redirection of incoming IKE requests, allowing for simple load-balancing between multiple IKE endpoints (RFC 5685).
  • IPsec traffic visibility: special tagging of ESP packets that are authenticated but not encrypted, with the goal of making it easier for middleboxes (such as intrusion detection systems) to analyze the flow (RFC 5840).
  • Mutual EAP authentication: support for EAP-only (i.e., certificate-less) authentication of both of the IKE peers; the goal is to allow for modern password-based authentication methods to be used (RFC 5998).
  • Quick crash detection: minimizing the time until an IKE peer detects that its opposite peer has crashed (RFC 6290).
  • High availability extensions: improving IKE/IPsec-level protocol synchronization between a cluster of IPsec endpoints and a peer, to reduce the probability of dropped connections after a failover event (RFC 6311).

Implementations[edit]

IKE is supported as part of the IPsec implementation in Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.[15] The ISAKMP/IKE implementation was jointly developed by Cisco and Microsoft.[16]
Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 partially support IKEv2 (RFC 4306) as well as MOBIKE (RFC 4555) through the VPN Reconnect feature (also known asAgile VPN).
There are several open source implementations of IPsec with associated IKE capabilities. On Linux, Openswan and strongSwan implementations provide an IKE daemon calledpluto, which can configure (i.e., establish SAs) to the KLIPS or NETKEY kernel-based IPsec stacks. NETKEY is the Linux 2.6 kernel's native IPsec implementation.
The Berkeley Software Distributions also have an IPsec implementation and IKE daemon, and most importantly a cryptographic framework (OpenBSD Cryptographic Framework, OCF), which makes supporting cryptographic accelerators much easier. OCF has recently been ported to Linux.
A significant number of network equipment vendors have created their own IKE daemons (and IPsec implementations), or license a stack from one another.
There are a number of implementations of IKEv2 and some of the companies dealing in IPsec certification and interoperability testing are starting to hold workshops for testing as well as updated certification requirements to deal with IKEv2 testing. ICSA Labs held its latest IKEv2 Interoperability Workshop in Orlando, FL in March 2007 with 13 vendors from around the world.
The following open source implementations of IKEv2 are currently available:

Vulnerabilities[edit]

Leaked NSA presentations released by Der Spiegel indicate that IKE is being exploited in an unknown manner to decrypt IPSec traffic, as is ISAKMP.[17] The researchers who discovered the Logjam attack state that breaking a 1024-bit Diffie–Hellman group would break 66% of VPN servers, 18% of the top million HTTPS domains, and 26% of SSH servers, which the researchers claim is consistent with the leaks.[18]



Dwight D. Eisenhower

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Eisenhower" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see Eisenhower (surname).
General of the Army
Dwight D. Eisenhower
President Eisenhower Portrait 1959.tif
34th President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Vice PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byHarry S. Truman
Succeeded byJohn F. Kennedy
1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe
In office
April 2, 1951 – May 30, 1952
PresidentHarry S. Truman
DeputyArthur Tedder
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byMatthew Ridgway
16th Chief of Staff of the Army
In office
November 19, 1945 – February 6, 1948
PresidentHarry S. Truman
DeputyJ. Lawton Collins
Preceded byGeorge Marshall
Succeeded byOmar Bradley
Governor of the American Zone of Occupied Germany
In office
May 8, 1945 – November 10, 1945
PresidentHarry S. Truman
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byJoseph T. McNarney
13th President of Columbia University
In office
1948–1953
Preceded byFrank D. Fackenthal (Acting)
Succeeded byGrayson L. Kirk
Personal details
BornDavid Dwight Eisenhower[1]
October 14, 1890
Denison, Texas, U.S.
DiedMarch 28, 1969 (aged 78)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeEisenhower Presidential Center
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)Mamie Doud (m. 1916)
Children
Education
ReligionPresbyterian from 1953 onward [2]
SignatureCursive signature in ink
Military service
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service1915–1952[3]
RankUS-O11 insignia.svg General of the Army
UnitUSA - Army Infantry Insignia.png Infantry Branch
Battles/warsWorld War I
World War II
AwardsDistinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg Army Distinguished Service Medal (5)
Navy Distinguished Service ribbon.svg Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit
World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War I Victory Medal
World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal
See more
Dwight D. Eisenhower, White House photo portrait, February 1959.jpgThis article is part of a series
about
Dwight D. Eisenhower
  • World War II
President of the United States
First Term
Second Term
Post-Presidency
Dwight Eisenhower Signature.svg
President of the United States
General of the Army (United States)
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (/ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər/ eye-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American politician and general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France andGermany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO.[4]
Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch and a lesser amount of Irish ancestry,[5] and was raised in a large family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud and had two sons. After World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University.[6]
Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against "communism, Korea and corruption." He won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevensonand temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U.S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment.
Eisenhower's main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. In the first year of his presidency, he threatened the use of nuclear weapons in an effort to conclude the Korean War; his New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for conventional military forces. He ordered coups in Iranand Guatemala. Eisenhower gave major aid to help France in Vietnam. He gave strong financial support to the new nation of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, which obliged the U.S. to militarily support the pro-Western Republic of China in Taiwan and continue the isolation of the People's Republic of China.
After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt, and forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. In 1958, Eisenhower sent 15,000 U.S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the pro-Western government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident.[7]In his January 17, 1961 farewell address to the nation, Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, and coined the term "military–industrial complex".[8]
On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege. He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He also launched theInterstate Highway System, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act, and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act.[9]
Eisenhower's two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a sharp recession in 1958–59. Voted Gallup's most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office.[10] Since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.

Early life and education[edit]


The Eisenhower family home, Abilene, Kansas.
The Eisenhauer (German for "iron hewer/miner") family migrated from Karlsbrunn, Germany, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, and in the 1880s moving to Kansas.[11] Accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer wasanglicized to Eisenhower.[12] Eisenhower's Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were primarily farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn, who migrated to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1741.[13]
Hans's great-great-grandson, David Jacob Eisenhower (1863–1942), was Eisenhower's father and was a college-educated engineer, despite his own father Jacob's urging to stay on the family farm. Eisenhower's mother, Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower, born in Virginia, of German Protestant ancestry, moved to Kansas from Virginia. She married David on September 23, 1885, in Lecompton, Kansas, on the campus of their alma mater, Lane University.[14]
David owned a general store in Hope, Kansas, but the business failed due to economic conditions and the family became impoverished. The Eisenhowers then lived in Texas from 1889 until 1892, and later returned to Kansas, with $24 to their name at the time. David worked as a mechanic with a railroad and then with a creamery.[14] By 1898, the parents made a decent living and provided a suitable home for their large family.[15]
Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas, the third of seven boys.[16] His mother originally named him David Dwight but reversed the two names after his birth to avoid the confusion of having two Davids in the family.[1] All of the boys were called "Ike", such as "Big Ike" (Edgar) and "Little Ike" (Dwight); the nickname was intended as an abbreviation of their last name.[17]By World War II, only Dwight was still called "Ike".[11]
In 1892, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, which Eisenhower considered his home town.[11] As a child, he was involved in an accident that cost his younger brother an eye; he later referred to this as an experience teaching him the need to be protective of those under him. Dwight developed a keen and enduring interest in exploring outdoors, hunting/fishing, cooking and card playing from an illiterate named Bob Davis who camped on the Smoky Hill River.[18][19][20]
While Eisenhower's mother was against war, it was her collection of history books that first sparked Eisenhower's early and lasting interest in military history. He persisted in reading the books in her collection and became a voracious reader in the subject. Other favorite subjects early in his education were arithmetic and spelling.[21]
His parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David.[22] His mother, previously a member (with David) of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the International Bible Students Association, later known asJehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students.[23] His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was "rather wicked", but she did not overrule him.[24] While speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was "one of the most deeply religious men I know" though unattached to any "sect or organization". He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953.[25]
Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909.[26] As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and surprisingly recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year.[27] He and brother Edgar both wanted to attend college, though they lacked the funds. They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked to earn the tuitions.[28]
Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery.[29] Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend "Swede" Hazlet was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight to apply to the school, since no tuition was required. Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator,Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy.[30] He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911.[30]

Eisenhower (2nd from left) and Omar Bradley (2nd from right) were members of the1912 West Point football team.
At West Point, Eisenhower relished the emphasis on traditions and on sports, but was less enthusiastic about the hazing, though he willingly accepted it as a plebe. He was also a regular violator of the more detailed regulations, and finished school with a less than stellar discipline rating. Academically, Eisenhower's best subject by far was English. Otherwise, his performance was average, though he thoroughly enjoyed the typical emphasis of engineering on science and mathematics.[31]
In athletics, Eisenhower later said that "not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest".[32] He did make the football team, and was a varsity starter as running back and linebacker in 1912, tackling the legendary Jim Thorpe of the Carlisle Indians that year.[33] Eisenhower suffered a torn knee in that, his last, game; he re-injured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring,[11][18][34] so he turned to fencing and gymnastics.[11]
Eisenhower later served as junior varsity football coach and cheerleader. At West Point he played football.[35][36] He graduated in the middle of the class of 1915,[37] which became known as "the class the stars fell on", because 59 members eventually became general officers.

Personal life[edit]


Portrait of Mamie Eisenhower
Eisenhower met and fell in love with Mamie Geneva Doud (6 years his junior) of Boone, Iowa, while he was stationed in Texas.[11] He and her family were also immediately taken with one another. He proposed to her on Valentine's Day in 1916.[38] A November wedding date in Denver was moved up to July 1 due to the pending U.S. entry into World War I. In their first 35 years of marriage, they moved many times.[39]
The Eisenhowers had two sons. Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three;[40] Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death.[41] Their second son, John Eisenhower (1922–2013), was born inDenver Colorado. John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. Coincidentally, John graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944. He married Barbara Jean Thompson on June 10, 1947. John and Barbara had four children: David, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean. David, after whom Camp David is named,[42] married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968. John died on December 21, 2013.[43]
Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948.[44] He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow on the ground. He had a small, basic golf facility installed at Camp David, and became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman Clifford Roberts, inviting Roberts to stay at the White House on several occasions. Roberts, an investment broker, also handled the Eisenhower family's investments. Roberts also advised Eisenhower on tax aspects of publishing his memoirs, which proved financially lucrative.[44]
After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby.[41] While at Columbia University, Eisenhower began the art after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life to relax, mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their grandchildren, General Montgomery, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln.[45] Wendy Beckett stated that Eisenhower's work, "simple and earnest, rather cause us to wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president". A conservative in both art and politics, he in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as "a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie, loaded with paint, has been driven over it."[41]
Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie.[46] His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey.[47] With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport," in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation, and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him. A classmate reported that after learning to play contract bridge at West Point, Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months.[48] Eisenhower continued to play bridge throughout his military career. While stationed in the Philippines, he played regularly with President Manuel Quezon, and was dubbed "The bridge wizard of Manila". During WWII, an unwritten qualification for an officer's appointment to Eisenhower's staff was the ability to play a sound game of bridge. He played even during the stressful weeks leading up to the D-Day landings. His favorite partner was General Alfred Gruenther, considered the best player in the U.S. Army; he appointed Gruenther his second-in-command at NATO partly because of his skill at bridge. Saturday night bridge games at the White House were a feature of his presidency. He was a strong player, though not an expert by modern standards. The great bridge player and popularizer Ely Culbertson described his game as classic and sound with "flashes of brilliance", and said that "You can always judge a man's character by the way he plays cards. Eisenhower is a calm and collected player and never whines at his losses. He is brilliant in victory but never commits the bridge player's worst crime of gloating when he wins." Bridge expert Oswald Jacoby frequently participated in the White House games, and said, "The President plays better bridge than golf. He tries to break 90 at golf. At bridge, you would say he plays in the 70s."[49]

Early military career[edit]

See also: Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower

World War I[edit]

After graduation in 1915, Lieutenant (2nd) Eisenhower put in for assignment in the Philippines, which was denied. He served with the infantry, initially in logistics, until 1918 at various camps in Texas and Georgia. In 1916, while stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Eisenhower was football coach for St. Louis College, now St. Mary's University.[50] In late 1917 while in charge of training at Ft. Oglethorpe in Georgia, Mamie had their first son.
When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas.[51] In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the new tank corps, where he was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army.[52] He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt – his first command – at the site of "Pickett's Charge" on the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Civil War battleground. Though Eisenhower and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills, as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel.[53]
Once again his spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed, just a week before departure.[54] Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[citation needed] In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the first great war (led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp, completely equipped, for thousands of troops, and developing a full combat training schedule.[55]

In service of generals[edit]


Eisenhower (far right) with three unidentified men in 1919, four years after graduating from West Point.
After the war, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of captain and a few days later was promoted to major, a rank he held for 16 years.[13] The major was assigned in 1919 to a transcontinental Army convoy to test vehicles and dramatize the need for improved roads in the nation. Indeed, the convoy averaged only 5 mph from Washington, D.C., to San Francisco; later the improvement of highways became a signature issue for Eisenhower as President.[56]
He assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Brett, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with court martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.[57][58]
From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals – Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur andGeorge Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that "Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew." Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, "[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met."[59] On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers.[60][61] He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe.[62] He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to February 1933.[63] Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).[64][65]
His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression.[66] He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.[67][68]
In 1935, he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to t. . . . . read more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower



Ike

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ike may refer to:

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Weather[edit]

People[edit]

  • Ike (given name), a list of people (and fictional characters) with the nickname or given name
  • Ike no Taiga (1723–1776), Japanese painter and calligrapher
  • Chika Ike (born 1985), Nigerian actress, entrepreneur and philanthropist
  • Ike Gyokuran (1727–1784), Japanese painter, calligrapher and poet
  • Reiko Ike (born 1953), Japanese retired actress, singer and entertainer
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969), American General and President, famously nicknamed "Ike", as in "I like Ike".

IKE[edit]

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